O. Alejandro Aleuy | Diseases | Best Researcher Award

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Assist Prof Dr. O. Alejandro Aleuy | Diseases | Best Researcher Award

Assist Prof Dr. O. Alejandro Aleuy , Florida Atlantic University, United States.

Assist Prof Dr. O. Alejandro Aleuy is an accomplished researcher focused on infectious diseases and their global impact. He has made significant contributions to understanding disease transmission, prevention, and control, with a particular interest in emerging pathogens. Aleuy’s research has influenced public health policies and provided key insights into infectious disease dynamics, making him a valuable figure in the field. He is a recipient of the Best Researcher Award for his groundbreaking studies, which have helped to shape modern approaches to combating infectious diseases worldwide. His work continues to inspire advancements in disease prevention and health security.

Profile:

Orcid Profile

Education

Assist. Prof. Dr. O. Alejandro Aleuy is an expert in infectious diseases, with a robust academic background in veterinary and ecological sciences. He holds a Ph.D. in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from the University of Calgary, Canada (2014-2019), a Master’s in Preventive Veterinary Medicine (MPVM) from the University of California, Davis, USA (2011-2013), and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) from Universidad Austral de Chile (2006-2008). Additionally, he earned a Bachelor of Veterinary Science from the same institution (2001-2006). Currently based at Florida Atlantic University, Dr. Aleuy’s research focuses on disease ecology and the prevention of infectious diseases, addressing critical challenges in wildlife, domestic animals, and public health.

 

Employment

Assist. Prof. Dr. O. Alejandro Aleuy currently serves as an Assistant Professor of Disease Ecology at the Department of Biology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida (2024–present). His previous academic roles include a Visitor Scholar at the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara (2022–2023), and a Postdoctoral Associate at the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame (2021–2023). Prior to that, he held a postdoctoral position at the University of Calgary’s Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (2020–2021). From 2013 to 2014, he worked as a Research Assistant and Data Analyst at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Earlier in his career, Dr. Aleuy was an Adjunct Professor at the Institute of Animal Pathology, Universidad Austral de Chile (2009–2014), and the Director and Head Veterinarian of the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre at the same institution (2008–2011), where he contributed to wildlife health research, clinical diagnostics, and student training.

 

Technical Skills

Assist. Prof. Dr. O. Alejandro Aleuy possesses a range of technical skills, including proficiency in Microsoft Office™ tools such as Word™, Excel™, and PowerPoint™. He is highly skilled in statistical analysis using programs like R and Minitab, and has extensive experience with ArcGIS and QGIS for geographic information system applications. Additionally, he has a basic understanding of SAS for statistical computing, further enhancing his analytical and research capabilities.

Honors / Rewards

Assist. Prof. Dr. O. Alejandro Aleuy has received numerous honors and awards throughout his academic career. He was awarded the prestigious NSERC Postdoctoral Fellowship (2022–2024) from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, receiving C$45,000 annually, and was ranked in the top 80th percentile. He also received the Ayudas Juan de la Cierva-Formacion Postdoctoral Fellowship from Spain’s Ministry of Science and Information (2021–2023), although he declined it due to funding conflicts. Other significant recognitions include the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Pre-Doctoral Scholarship (2015–2017) and various travel, academic, and research scholarships from the University of Calgary. Dr. Aleuy was recognized for his Best Poster Presentation at the Muskox Health and Ecology Symposium (2016), and his efforts in community outreach were acknowledged by the College of Veterinary Science at Universidad Austral de Chile (2010). He also received multiple CONICYT Advanced Human Capital Scholarships from the Government of Chile for his Ph.D. and Master’s studies, as well as an Athletic University Scholarship for being part of the 1st Squad Soccer team at Universidad Austral de Chile (2001-2006).

 

Top Note Publications

Aleuy, O. A. (2023). Local thermal adaptation and local temperature regimes drive the performance of a parasitic helminth under climate change: The case of Marshallagia marshalli from wild ungulates. Global Change Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16918

Aleuy, O. A. (2023). Caesarean surgery and ovariohysterectomy in a precocial rodent Octodon degus. Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 55(3). https://doi.org/10.4206/ajvs.553.01

Aleuy, O. A. (2023). Wildlife health in environmental impact assessments: Are we missing a key metric? Environmental Reviews, 31(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2022-0023

Aleuy, O. A. (2020). Adaptations, life-history traits, and ecological mechanisms of parasites to survive extremes and environmental unpredictability in the face of climate change. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 12, 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.07.006

Aleuy, O. A. (2020). Linking co-monitoring to co-management: Bringing together local, traditional, and scientific knowledge in a wildlife status assessment framework. Arctic Science, 6(2), 164-179. https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2019-0019

Aleuy, O. A. (2020). Parasite intensity drives fetal development and sex allocation in a wild ungulate. Scientific Reports, 10, 15829. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72376-x

Aleuy, O. A. (2020). Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in freeze tolerance: Implications for parasite dynamics in a changing world. International Journal for Parasitology, 50(6-7), 479-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.004

Aleuy, O. A. (2019). Adaptations and phenotypic plasticity in developmental traits of Marshallagia marshalli. International Journal for Parasitology, 49(8), 641-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.05.007

Aleuy, O. A. (2018). Diversity of gastrointestinal helminths in Dall’s sheep and the negative association of the abomasal nematode, Marshallagia marshalli, with fitness indicators. PLOS ONE, 13(3), e0192825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192825

Aleuy, O. A. (2018). Using multinomial and space-time permutation models to understand the epidemiology of infectious bronchitis in California between 2008 and 2012. Avian Diseases, 62(1), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1637/11788-122217-Reg.1

Snehal Khandekar | Food Science & Technology | Best Researcher Award

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Snehal Khandekar | Food Science & Technology | Best Researcher Award

Mrs. Snehal Khandekar , DY Patil Agriculture & Technical University, talsande, India.

Mrs. Snehal Khandekar is a distinguished researcher in the field of Food Science and Technology, known for her groundbreaking work in food preservation, safety, and sustainable food processing techniques. She holds a Master’s degree in Food Technology and has contributed extensively to research on enhancing food quality and reducing waste. Khandekar’s innovations in developing eco-friendly packaging and her research into the nutritional enhancement of food products have gained international recognition. Her dedication to improving food safety standards and promoting sustainability in the food industry makes her a deserving candidate for the Best Researcher Award.

Profile:

Orcid Profile

Education

Mrs. Snehal Khandekar is currently pursuing her Ph.D. at Shivaji University, Kolhapur, building on her strong academic foundation in Food Science and Technology. She earned her M.Sc. in Food Science and Technology from Shivaji University in April 2009, graduating with a first-class distinction and an impressive 72.83%. Prior to this, she completed her B.Sc. in Food Technology and Management from the same university in April 2007, achieving an outstanding 83% with a first-class distinction. Earlier in her academic journey, she passed her H.S.C. from the Maharashtra State Board, Pune, in February 2004, securing a first-class grade with 60%. She completed her S.S.C. in March 2001, obtaining 71.73% and a first-class distinction.

 

Professional Experience

Mrs. Snehal Khandekar has accumulated 14 years of experience, including 13 years as an Assistant Professor and one year in the food industry. She most recently served as a full-time Assistant Professor in the Department of Food Science and Technology at Shivaji University, Kolhapur, from January 2021 to June 2024, while also contributing as a lecturer for the B.Tech Food Technology program. She skillfully held the position of Head of the Department of Food Technology and Management at the College of Non-Conventional Vocational Courses for Women, under the CSIBER trust in Kolhapur. Prior to this, she worked as a full-time Assistant Professor in the same department from 2009 to 2011, 2013 to 2015, and 2016 to December 2020. Her industrial experience includes working as a Junior Scientist in the Research & Development department at Rich Graviss Products Pvt. Ltd., Pune (April 2012-March 2013), and managing quality control and HACCP responsibilities at Jani Candies & Toffees Pvt. Ltd., Pune.

 

Areas of Interest 

Mrs. Snehal Khandekar’s areas of interest encompass various aspects of Food Science, Technology, and Nutrition. She is particularly focused on the processing and technological advancements of different food products, ensuring their quality and safety. Her expertise extends to the preservation and shelf-life evaluation of food products, as well as understanding and enhancing their nutritional values. Additionally, she is deeply involved in research and development within the field of Food Science and Nutrition, aiming to innovate and improve food processing and nutritional standards.

Honors / Rewards

Mrs. Snehal Khandekar has received numerous honors and awards for her contributions to the field of Food Science and Technology. She was awarded the Best Poster Presentation Award at the International Conference on Advanced Agricultural Technologies in December 2023 for her innovative work on foam-mat drying of milk products. She topped the NPTEL Swayam Examination on Modern Food Packaging Technologies, focusing on regulatory aspects and global trends. In 2021, she was recognized as a “Youth Icon” by Waachanvishwa Production Pvt. Ltd. Kolhapur. Khandekar secured third prize at the Avishkar 2019-2020 Research Project Competition at Shivaji University and also won third prize for her poster presentation on “Utilization of Banana Peel in Multigrain Cookies” at a national conference in 2014. Additionally, she earned second prize for her scientific project “Instant Pulav Mix” during National Science Day 2009 at Shivaji University. She was also awarded the Shivaji University Merit Scholarship for her academic excellence in her M.Sc. program in 2008 and has been honored by Speed 24 News Live, Kolhapur, for her significant contributions to the field of Food Technology.

 

Top Note Publications

Khandekar, S. P., Udachan, I. S., Lokhande, S. M., Patil, P. D., Madavi, A. B., Nangare, D. M., & Patil, S. A. (2024). A Taguchi approach to assess the effects of LED illumination on quality characteristics of guava RTS. Food Bioscience, 60, 104367. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Scopus Indexed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2024.104367 (IF 4.8).

Patange, D. D., Patil, S. A., & Khandekar, S. P.* (2024). Applications of Foam-Mat Drying for Milk and Milk Products: An Innovative Preservation Technique. Manuscript Number: JFUTFO-D-24-00048R1. Accepted for publication in Journal of Future Foods. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Scopus Indexed (IF 5.2).

Patil, S. A., & Khandekar, S. P.* (2024). LED Induced Non-thermal Preservation of Muscle Foods: A Systematic Review. Under revision & review process in International Journal of Food Microbiology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Scopus Indexed (IF 5.0).

Khandekar, S. P.*, & Udachan, I. S. (2024). A Review on Novel Cassia Tora Gum- Composition, Structure, Production, Modification and its Applications in the Food Industry. Accepted for publication in Journal of Environmental Biotechnology. Scopus Indexed (IF 2.1).

Khandekar, S. P.*, & Patil, S. A. (2024). Development and Storage Stability of Limonia acidissima (Wood Apple) and Fragaria ananassa (Strawberry) infused Whey-based RTS Beverage. Accepted for publication in Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 13(6), 2024. Web of Science Indexed (IF 2.59).

Bongarde, D. M., Desai, Y. P., Shinde, R. S., Karvekar, A. A., Patil, P. D., & Khandekar, S. P.* (2024). Optimizing Starfruit Quality: Techniques for Reduction of Oxalate & Caramboxin Content. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 13(11), 2024. Web of Science Indexed (IF 2.59).

Khandekar, S. P.*, & Patil, S. A. (2024). Development and Quality Evaluation of an Instant Soup Premix Enriched with King Mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) Powder (JPHT-FT-2024-0067). Accepted for publication in Journal of Postharvest Technology. Indexed in UGC-CARE and NAAS (4.25).

Patil, S. A., Udachan, I. S., Lokhande, S. M., Ranveer, R. C., & Khandekar, S. P.* (2024). Effect of Inhibitors on Flour Fortification: A Nutritional Approach. Under revision & review process in Journal of Food Composition & Analysis. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Scopus Indexed (IF 4.0).

Khandekar, S. P.*, & Udachan, I. S. (2024). Oral paper presentation on “A Review on Novel Cassia Tora Gum – Composition, Structure, Production, Modification and its Applications in the Food Industry” in the 7th International Conference GABELS, Kathmandu, Nepal, held on 8th–10th June 2024.

Khandekar, S. P.*, Chavan, S. N., Patil, S. A., & Sahoo, A. K. (2022). Oleogel as potential replacement for solid fats in food processing: A systematic review. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 20(3), 41-46. e-ISSN: 1459-0263.

Gebreamlak Gebremeskel | Nursing | Best Researcher Award

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Mr. Gebreamlak Gebremeskel | Nursing | Best Researcher Award

Mr. Gebreamlak Gebremeskel , Aksum University, Ethiopia.

Mr. Gebreamlak Gebremeskel is a dedicated nursing professional recognized for his significant contributions to healthcare research. With a strong academic background in nursing, he has focused his work on improving patient care and advancing nursing practices. His research explores innovative strategies to enhance nursing outcomes and address critical issues within the healthcare system. Mr. Gebremeskel’s commitment to evidence-based practice and his ability to translate research findings into clinical applications have earned him accolades in the field. He is passionate about mentoring future nurses and promoting research-driven approaches to enhance patient care.

 

Profile:

Education

Mr. Gebreamlak Gebremeskel holds a Master of Science in Adult Health Nursing from Mekelle University, Ethiopia, where he graduated in June 2018 with an outstanding GPA of 3.85/4.00, achieving a distinction of “Very Great Distinction.” Prior to this, he earned his Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the same institution in June 2012, graduating with a commendable GPA of 3.53/4.00. His strong academic background underscores his commitment to excellence in the nursing field and his dedication to advancing healthcare practices.

 

Professional Experience

Mr. Gebreamlak Gebremeskel has an extensive background in nursing education and practice. Since September 2015, he has served as a Lecturer and Researcher at Aksum University, College of Health Sciences, in the Department of Nursing, where he contributes to both academic and clinical training. Prior to this role, he was a Graduate Assistant Lecturer at Aksum Araya Kahsu Health Science College from June to September 2015. He also worked as a Nurse Practitioner at Aksum Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from April to June 2015 and at Abi-Adi Hospital from October 2012 to March 2015. Additionally, Mr. Gebremeskel has experience with Save the Children, where he held roles as a Targeted Supplementary Feeding Program Officer and Supervisor between September 2021 and October 2022, showcasing his commitment to community health initiatives and effective nursing practice.

 

Research Skills 

Mr. Gebreamlak Gebremeskel possesses a robust skill set in research, rooted in his strong background in nursing and specific interests in epidemiology, biostatistics, and research methodology. He has developed extensive knowledge of statistical techniques and research methods, gaining valuable experience in analyzing observational studies, including hospital registry and survey data. His expertise includes conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses, as well as designing surveys, collecting data, and supervising research projects. Mr. Gebremeskel is highly organized and adept at multitasking on various projects, both independently and within collaborative research teams. He communicates effectively and professionally with team members and external stakeholders, and is proficient in several software packages, including SPSS, R, Endnote, EpiInfo, and Microsoft Office, which further enhances his research capabilities.

Awards

Mr. Gebreamlak Gebremeskel has been recognized for his academic excellence and research contributions through several prestigious awards. He received the Aksum University MSc scholarship, which covered both his tuition fees and living expenses, reflecting his outstanding academic performance. Additionally, he was honored with a Presentation Award for his compelling research findings presented at the Research Day Conference for the College of Health Sciences community in 2020. His notable presentation focused on the “Determinants of Resistant Hypertension among Hypertensive Patients in Tigray, Ethiopia,” showcasing his commitment to advancing knowledge in the field of nursing and public health.

 

Top Note Publications

Effectiveness of non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain in people with autoimmune diseases in Africa: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
PLOS ONE, 2024-07-02.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306564
Source: Crossref

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
The Lancet Neurology, 2024.
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00038-3
Source: Gebreamlak Gebremeskel via Scopus – Elsevier

Prevalence of hypertension among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
International Health, 2023.
DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac060
Source: Gebreamlak Gebremeskel via Scopus – Elsevier

Prevalence of neonatal near miss in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis
International Health, 2023.
DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihad034
Source: Gebreamlak Gebremeskel via Scopus – Elsevier

Time to recovery from severe acute malnutrition and its predictors among under-five children admitted to therapeutic feeding units of general and referral hospitals in Tigray, Ethiopia, 2020: A prospective cohort study
BMC Pediatrics, 2023.
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04144-5
Source: Gebreamlak Gebremeskel via Scopus – Elsevier

Determinants of Preeclampsia among Women Attending Delivery Services in Public Hospitals of Central Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study
Journal of Pregnancy, 2021-06-01.
DOI: 10.1155/2021/4654828
Source: Crossref

Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018
Nature Medicine, 2021.
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01498-0
Source: Gebreamlak Gebremeskel via Scopus – Elsevier

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Journal of Diabetes Research, 2021.
DOI: 10.1155/2021/5304124
Source: Gebreamlak Gebremeskel via Scopus – Elsevier

Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
The Lancet, 2021.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01546-4
Source: Gebreamlak Gebremeskel via Scopus – Elsevier

Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
Nature, 2021.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03043-4
Source: Gebreamlak Gebremeskel via Scopus – Elsevier

Iascara Wozniak de Campos | Heart Transplant | Women Researcher Award

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Dr. Iascara Wozniak de Campos | Heart Transplant | Women Researcher Award

Dr. Iascara Wozniak de Campos, Incor – HCFMUSP/ Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil.

Dr. Iascara Wozniak de Campos is a leading researcher in cardiovascular surgery with a special focus on heart transplantation. She has dedicated her career to advancing surgical techniques and post-transplant care, with a particular interest in improving outcomes for female patients undergoing heart transplants. Her work has significantly contributed to the understanding of gender-specific challenges in heart transplantation, and she has been instrumental in developing strategies to enhance recovery and survival rates. Dr. Wozniak de Campos is recognized internationally for her contributions to the field and her advocacy for women in cardiovascular research and medicine.

Profile:

Scopus Profile

 

Education

Dr. Iascara Wozniak de Campos graduated with an MD from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná in Curitiba, Brazil, in 2010. She pursued her postgraduate training in Cardiology at Santa Casa de Curitiba, completing her program in 2014. Further honing her expertise, she undertook a fellowship in Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation at Incor – HCFMUSP (Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo) in 2015. Dr. Wozniak de Campos completed her PhD in Cardiology at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná in 2023, focusing on heart transplantation research.

Professional Experience

Dr. Iascara Wozniak de Campos has been a Cardiologist specializing in Heart Failure and Heart Transplantation at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and Incor – HCFMUSP in São Paulo, Brazil, since 2016 and 2015, respectively. In addition to her clinical work, she is actively involved in clinical research, contributing to advancements in cardiology. Prior to her current roles, she worked as an Emergency Physician at Incor – HCFMUSP from 2015 to 2018, where she gained extensive experience in acute care for cardiac patients.

 Activities

In addition to her clinical and research roles, Dr. Iascara Wozniak de Campos pursued further professional development by completing a Postgraduate Degree in Clinical Research at the Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital in 2023. This advanced training has enhanced her expertise in designing and conducting clinical studies, further contributing to her work in cardiology, particularly in heart failure and transplantation.

Top Note Publications

Campos, I.W., Guimarães, P.O., Tavares, C.A.M., Gaiotto, F.A., Bacal, F. (2024). Patterns and Risk Factors for Rehospitalizations Within the First 90 Days Following Discharge After Heart Transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings, 56(8), 1790–1797.

Belfort, D.S.P., Mangini, S., Ávila, M.S., Bacal, F., Gutierrez, P.S. (2024). Necropsy findings in heart transplant recipients with or without primary graft dysfunction. Current Problems in Cardiology, 49(9), 102694.

Marcondes-Braga, F.G., Murad, C.M., Belfort, D.S.P., Gaiotto, F.A., Bacal, F. (2022). Characteristics and Outcomes of Heart Transplant Recipients with Coronavirus-19 Disease in a High-volume Transplant Center. Transplantation, 106(3), 641–647.

Cafezeiro, C.R.F., Lopes, M.P., Silva, C.T., Marcondes-Braga, F.G., Bacal, F. (2020). Epipericardial fat necrosis as cause of chest pain in patient after heart transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation, 20(5), 1451–1453.

Seguro, L.F.B.C., Pereira, R.M.R., Seguro, L.P.C., Marcondes-Braga, F.G., Bacal, F. (2020). Bone Metabolism Impairment in Heart Transplant: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study. Transplantation, 104(4), 873–880.

Bacal, F., Marcondes-Braga, F.G., Rohde, L.E.P., Ferreira, S.M.A., Strabelli, T.M. (2018). 3ª Diretriz Brasileira de Transplante Cardíaco. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 111(2), 230–289.

Introduction of Antibiotic

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Introduction of Antibiotic

Antibiotics are powerful medications used to treat infections caused by bacteria. They work by killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth, helping to cure infections that would otherwise become severe or life-threatening. Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine since their discovery, drastically reducing mortality from bacterial infections. However, the misuse and overuse of antibiotics have led to increasing levels of antibiotic resistance, posing a significant threat to global health.

  • Types of Antibiotics:
  1. Broad-spectrum Antibiotics:
    These antibiotics work against a wide variety of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Examples include:

    • Amoxicillin
    • Tetracycline
    • Ciprofloxacin
  2. Narrow-spectrum Antibiotics:
    These antibiotics target specific types of bacteria. Examples include:

    • Penicillin G (used mainly against Gram-positive bacteria)
    • Vancomycin (used against resistant Gram-positive bacteria)
  3. Bactericidal Antibiotics:
    These kill bacteria by attacking their cell walls or vital cellular functions. Examples include:

    • Penicillin
    • Cephalosporins
    • Aminoglycosides
  4. Bacteriostatic Antibiotics:
    These inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with bacterial protein production or DNA replication. Examples include:

    • Tetracycline
    • Sulfonamides
    • Chloramphenicol
  • How Antibiotics Work:
  • Antibiotics target key processes in bacteria that are essential for their survival and replication. These include:
  • Cell wall synthesis inhibition: Prevents bacteria from forming cell walls, leading to cell death (e.g., Penicillin).
  • Protein synthesis inhibition: Disrupts bacterial ribosomes, which produce proteins essential for cell function (e.g., Tetracycline).
  • DNA replication inhibition: Prevents bacterial DNA replication, halting cell division (e.g., Quinolones).
  • Cell membrane disruption: Damages bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell death (e.g., Polymyxins).

    Examples of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria:

    1. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Resistant to many antibiotics, causing serious skin infections.
    2. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE): Often found in hospital-acquired infections.
    3. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE): Highly resistant to most antibiotics and often fatal.
    4. Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB): Resistant to the two most powerful anti-TB drugs, requiring complex and prolonged treatment.
  • Understanding and managing animal infectious diseases is crucial for animal health, public health, and maintaining food security.

 

Introduction of Animal Infectious Diseases
Introduction of Animal infectious diseases Animal infectious diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that can affect a wide range of animal species.

 

Introduction of Antimicrobial

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Introduction of Antimicrobial

Antimicrobials are substances or agents used to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. They are essential in treating infections caused by these microbes, preventing their spread, and protecting health. Here’s a more detailed breakdown:

Types of Antimicrobials:

Antibiotics: Specifically target bacteria. Examples include penicillin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline. Antibiotics can kill bacteria or stop them from growing, making them crucial in treating bacterial infections like pneumonia, strep throat, and urinary tract infections.

Antivirals: These target viruses. Examples include acyclovir, which is used to treat herpes, and oseltamivir (Tamiflu), used to treat influenza. Antivirals work by interfering with the virus’s ability to replicate inside the host’s cells.

Antifungals: These are used to combat fungal infections. Examples include fluconazole, used to treat yeast infections, and terbinafine, used for athlete’s foot. Antifungals work by disrupting the cell walls of fungi or interfering with their metabolism.

Antiparasitics: These target parasites, which can cause diseases like malaria or intestinal worm infections. Examples include chloroquine for malaria and albendazole for worm infestations.

How Antimicrobials Work:

Cell Wall Disruption: Some antimicrobials weaken or destroy the microbe’s cell wall or membrane, leading to cell death. For example, penicillin disrupts the formation of bacterial cell walls.

Protein Synthesis Inhibition: Some antimicrobials interfere with the microbe’s ability to produce essential proteins, stopping their growth and reproduction. Tetracycline, for instance, inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria.

DNA Replication Interference: Some antimicrobials prevent microbes from replicating their DNA, which is necessary for their reproduction. Fluoroquinolones, for example, block bacterial DNA replication.

Metabolic Pathway Disruption: Some target specific biochemical pathways essential for the microbe’s survival. For instance, sulfonamides inhibit the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria, which is crucial for their growth.

Importance of Antimicrobials:

Medical Use: Antimicrobials are vital in treating infections, performing surgeries (by preventing infections), and managing chronic diseases that weaken the immune system, like cancer or HIV/AIDS.

Agricultural Use: They are also used in agriculture to prevent and treat infections in livestock, ensuring food safety and animal health.

Food Safety: Antimicrobials are used to prevent the contamination of food products by harmful microbes, extending shelf life and reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses.

Challenges:

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials, such as not completing prescribed courses of antibiotics or using them for non-bacterial infections, have led to the development of resistant strains of microbes. These resistant strains can survive and thrive even in the presence of antimicrobials, making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death.

Antimicrobials play a crucial role in modern medicine and public health, but their effectiveness is threatened by the growing problem of resistance, which requires careful management and stewardship.